Political globalization

Political globalization
#1

 Political globalization approaches to the social world by stressing postnatinal and transnational processes as well as a consciousness of the compressed nature of space and time. Political globalization has been discussed in the globalization literature on the background of the decline of the nationstate under the impact of global forces, which have created different kinds of politics arising from the development of transnational networks and flows, and processes of deterritorization and deterritorialization. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes which interact to produce the complex field of global politics. First process is global geopolitics. Second process is global normative culture. Third process is polycentric networks.
 The first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power. A second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. One of the main expressions of this is human rights, which lies at the centre of a global cosmopolitanism, but it also includes environmental concerns, which are now global. It is also a dimension of globalization that is not specifically Western. As a result of global communication and popular culture etc, political communication is now also global, no longer confined to national borders. The sovereignty of the state has been challenged by the rights of the individual leading to tensions between peoplehood and personhood. This global normative culture provides normative reference points for states and an orientation for political actors. While globalization requires the existence of global players such as powerful states to diffuse and implement a global geopolitics, there is another dimension of globalization that is less related to states and which is not reducible to global normative culture. This is termed polycentric networks, that is, forms of non-territorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of sites and which cannot be reduced to a single center. These processes of political globalization are associated with networks and flows, new sources of mobility and communication, and denote new relationships between the individual, state and society. Importantly, polycentric networks are associated with emerging forms of global governance. A global civil society has come into existence around International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs), various grass-roots organizations and social movements of all kinds ranging from globally organized anti-capitalist protests and global civil society movements such as the World Social Form, anti-sweat shop movements to terrorist movements. One of the distinctive features of global civil society is that it does not have one space but many. It must be stressed that these three dimensions of globalization do not exist separately from each other, for all are products of globalization and are interrelated. Political globalization generates a complex web of conflicts, dislocations, fluid political forms. The argument in this chapter questions this assumption that political globalization is not leading in the direction of a new global order of governance or world society but to transnational political action which challenges neoliberal politics. The logic of globalization bears out the central logic of political modernity in expressing the inner conflict within the political frame of autonomy versus fragmentation: globalization can enhance democracy but it can also fragment democracy by shifting autonomy to capitalism.
 The three dynamics of political globalization will be examined in this chapter around four examples of social transformation: the transformation of nationality and citizenship, the public sphere and political communication, civil society, and space and borders.

The transformation of the nation-state, nationality and citizenship
 Globalization reconfigures the state around global capitalism, making it impossible for nation- states to be independent. Two kinds of decoupling processes are evident: the decoupling of nationality and citizenship and the decoupling of nationhood and statehood. The decoupling of nationality and citizenship can be attributed to the impact of global normative culture, which has led to a blurring of the boundary between national and international law. The erosion of sovereignty has made a huge impact on nationality. In a similar way nationhood and statehood have experienced new lines of tension. The transnationalization of the state in the countries of the European Union has undermined the nation-state leading to the rise of new nationalist movements. The rise of nationalism since the early 1990s in Europe, which coincided with the fall of communism and the enhanced momentum towards European integration, created the conditions for a new kind of populist nationalism that has as its central animus the claim to protect the nation from globalization of all kinds, ranging from the trans nationalization of the state to global migration and global markets. The nationstate has become bifurcated: nation and state have become divorced, each following different logics. Many nations are now more shaped by globalization. Global cities, for example, are products of the de-nationalization of the nation-state and the rise of non-territorial politics.

The transformation of the public sphere and communication
 Communication is central to politics. Most nation-states have been based on a national language, which was increasingly standardized over time. The public sphere is the site of politics; it is not merely a spatial location but a process of discursive contestation. The global public has a major resonance in all of communication in the sense that it structures and contextualizes much of public discourse, as examples ranging from human rights, environmental concerns, health and security illustrate. The global is not outside the social world but is inside it in numerous ways. So it is possible to see political communication in the public sphere as increasingly framed by global issues. it may be suggested that global normative culture is playing a leading role in shaping political communication. However, global normative culture is diffused in many ways within public spheres and is carried by many different kinds of social agents, including states. Political globalization is most visible in terms of changes in political communication and in the wider transformation of the public sphere. It is possible to speak of a communicative kind of political globalization confronting economic globalization. This is different from global geopolitics, which as argued earlier has led to a transnationalization of the state in line with the rise of a global economy.


The centrality of civil society
Global civil society works to undermine the importance of the territorial state in favour of new forms of networked opposition or encourages individuals to see themselves less exclusively as national citizens but also as cosmopolitan individuals endowed with natural rights.

The transformation of spaces and borders
 This part can be explained by these metaphors : 'global village', 'world polity', and 'fragile earth'. It means that the concept of spaces and borders is changed or diffused.

#2, 3
 In the class and in this paper, I could get information about Political globalization. Honestly, before I take this class, I didn't know the conception of political globalization. The word 'Globalization' is more familiar than political globalization to students. Even they and me don't know that globalization has several dimensions such as cultural globalization, economic globalization, and so on. By this chance, I clearly got the conception of political globalization. There are many examples of political globalization, like the European Union, where political integration joins multiple nations together to make decisions and establish policies. Because the nations of the world have become much more connected, there is a growing prevalence of intergovernmental agencies, like the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization and the United Nations. Political activity has transcended the old barriers of national divisions, where global agencies, international organizations and worldwide political movements have become much more common. The advancement of globalized politics is one aspect of how the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. This is happening in the midst of numerous other advances in technology, communication and transportation. The rise in the Internet is another occurrence that has lead to the governments of the world becoming increasingly interconnected. Globalization is a significant topic as the nations of the world increasingly trade and invest in one another, and the new challenges of global warming, social inequality and terrorism are further indicators of how globalized politics may be integral to the shaping of future international policies.

 The problem is why United States takes the lead in political globalization. In the aspect of the fact that they are connected, they are supposed to interact each other, but, in my personal opinion, they are invaded by Pax Americana. All states are involved with America for one reason or another. Not only politic globalization, but also other dimensions of globalization have proceeded by it. I think it can be called 'New Dictatorship.'